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Precious stones of Afghanistan

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Mining is one of the occupations that has been practiced since 3,000 years ago. The Egyptians used azure in the statues of Akhenaten and Queen Nephrite. At that time, people knew gold, iron, marble, azure, ruby and turquoise mines and made jewelry from them. From the distant past, azure, gold and salt were mined in Badakhshan, copper and iron in Kandahar and Kabul. In the Middle Ages and early 20th century, gold was used in the Muqur area, silver and emerald in Panjshir province, numerous mines of iron and other metals in different places; Coal mines in the north and central parts, oil and gas have also been discovered in northern Afghanistan, Helmand, Kandahar and Khost over two centuries. In the 18th century, after the Industrial Revolution in Europe, world explorers sent archaeologists and miners under the guise of mobile or other names to discover Afghanistan's mines.British geologists (Grace Bach and Haydn) first made observations in central and northern Afghanistan, and later French geologists (Furon et al.) Mapped areas around Kabul from 1926–1951.

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In early 1841, the British military sought to obtain export mineral resources as a trade that could be used for British industrial products; But in 1888, a new systematic mineral plan was launched by the British Geological Survey (BGS) as part of its activities. Documents compiled by British Geologist in 1890 show that the Haji Gak Iron Ore, one of Afghanistan's richest mineral resources, is located in Bamyan province. Later, French geologists (Furon et al.) Mapped the area around Kabul from 1926 to 1951. In the 1950s, with the establishment of the Department of Oil and Gas Exploration, an important phase of Afghanistan's geological studies began.In 1958, Afghan geologists, in collaboration with Russian experts, successfully completed a search for oil and natural gas. In these studies, for the first time, the geological structure of the region was accompanied by the preparation of geological maps.

In 1919, a Russian delegation arrived in Kabul for the first time to carry out work on mineral resources. In 1920, American geologists participated in a mineral survey in Afghanistan. In 1937, Afghanistan licensed the New York-based Exploration Company to explore for oil reserves throughout the country, but due to the outbreak of World War II, the company withdrew its concession after one year. After World War II, exploration activities resumed in agreement with France and some coal exploration in southern Afghanistan by the Germans in 1950, and later in 1954 by Swedish geologists. From 1958 to 1961, French geologists (Menzieh and Laparan) mapped around Kabul, and from 1959, West German geologists mapped the entire southern half of the country with aerial photographs (at a scale of 100,000).1) They started. In 1958, foreign aid was implemented by the Soviet Union, in which the government of the Czech Republic also participated in the process of providing aid by Russian experts. During the 1960s, exploration and mapping activities in southern Afghanistan were outsourced to the Germans, French, and Americans, while the Soviet Union focused on northern Afghanistan. countinued.During the 1960s, exploration and mapping activities in southern Afghanistan were outsourced to the Germans, French, and Americans, while the Soviet Union focused on northern Afghanistan. countinued.During the 1960s, exploration and mapping activities in southern Afghanistan were outsourced to the Germans, French, and Americans, while the Soviet Union focused on northern Afghanistan. countinued.

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In 1963, the Department of Solid Mineral Exploration was established, which in 1965 was renamed the Department of Geology and Mining. In this department, with the cooperation of Russian geologists, exploration, evaluation and estimation of coal, iron ore, gold and azure mineral deposits began. As a result of these explorations, large mines such as "Hajigak iron mine" in Bamyan region and Pul-e-Khumri large coal field, "Bakhshan coal mine near Herat" coal mines were also discovered in the west and other valuable materials such as barite, beryllium, etc. . Extensive geological studies have been carried out since 1965 on the exploration of important minerals such as lead, zinc (copper), gold barite, abrac, sulfur, phosphorites, cinnabar, coal, mineral waters, NaCl and building materials. In 1973, a new assessment was made of the large ergonite mine on the southwestern edge of the country and the important barite mines north of Herat. In 1974, a large copper belt (Aynak copper) was discovered in the Logar area (south of Kabul).The most important geological studies of Afghanistan were carried out in the 1970s by preparing a geological map of Afghanistan at a scale of 500,000: 1 and also preparing a tectonic map of the country. From 1976 to the early 1980s, previous reports and studies were published in numerous books and articles, including "Tectonics of Afghanistan" by W.A. Slavin (1976), Geology of Afghanistan by Wolfart and Whitkin (1980) and Geology and Minerals of Afghanistan, compiled by a Russian-Afghan team to compile a comprehensive geological map of Afghanistan and published in Russian and English in 1980 in Moscow. In the 1980s, with the escalation of the wars in Afghanistan, major geological studies were stopped and sporadic and occasional work was discovered by Russian experts, especially on large mines near the center of the country, but the results of these studies are not known and may have been preserved in Russia. .In the 1990s, geological work ceased altogether, and the Geological Survey of Afghanistan was severely damaged by the war.

It was not until 1995 that Gray Bauerx (American jeweler) in collaboration with Bonita Chamberlain published an interesting book, The Precious Stones of Afghanistan, which is in fact the most remarkable work in the field of geology and minerals of this country. In 2002, with the beginning of the new era in Afghanistan, an important period for the study of geology in Afghanistan was on its way ... Recently, NASA was able to survey and stabilize the depth mines of Afghanistan's mountains and land with the help of laser beams. The survey was successfully completed at a cost of $ 300 million. Much of the remaining information about these less-explored reserves or areas was retained by Ministry of Mines staff during the period of instability (1979-2001) in remote neighborhoods, which was restored after security was provided in the area by international forces in 2002. .Thereafter, renewed efforts to identify and exploit Afghanistan's mineral resources will begin in earnest, recognizing that mining will play a vital role in Afghanistan's long-term economic stability. To do so, rapid growth in mineral exploitation and extraction is anticipated, and the Afghan government recognizes that the Soviet-era method of state property (nationalization) was not economically viable or sustainable. As a result, the Government of Afghanistan has renewed the structure of the Ministry of Mines as the owner and producer of mines to a more appropriate role as a policy maker and regulator for the development of private investment for the development of minerals. Following the implementation of these new and revised guidelines, the most advanced mining project since the former salinity in the Aynak copper mine area was launched after a bid in 2008 to MCC of China. mine:It is the place where minerals are stabilized and drilling, mineral and other related activities take place, buildings, facilities, devices and equipment that are located on the surface or lower floors of the earth for the extraction, processing, preparation of minerals. Minerals: Citrus that is solid, liquid or natural gas at the surface and underground of water or in mining residues that have accumulated as a result of geological operation and includes elements and compounds, metals and precious metal metals, gravel, rock, It is coal, clay and coal.Citrus is a solid, liquid or gas naturally formed on the surface of the earth and underground water or in deposits with mineral residues that have accumulated as a result of geological operation and includes elements and compounds, metals and precious metal metals, gravel, stone, gravel, It is clay and coal.Citrus is a solid, liquid or gas naturally formed on the surface of the earth and underground water or in deposits with mining residues that have accumulated as a result of geological operation and includes elements and compounds, metals and precious metal metals, gravel, stone, gravel, It is clay and coal.

In many world gemstone studies, Afghanistan is not considered. While Afghanistan has been a major producer of precious stones, at least since the time of the Egyptians and Romans. It has been extracted from the mineral potential of this country for more than 6,000 years. Afghanistan has a long history of having the best mineral azure, and the country's azure mines have been active for more than 4,000 years. Afghan emerald is another precious stone that is extracted from 6 mines in the Panjshir Valley and is of much higher quality than emeralds found in Colombia. Ruby is another precious stone of Afghanistan. Afghan rubies are mined from a mine near Kabul. Shah Maghsoud and Afghan tourmaline ores are located in an area called Loghman and are of very high quality. Most gemstones are found in Afghanistan.These include emeralds in Panjshir, rubies in Jagdalak, azure in Badakhshan, and some semi-precious stones such as tourmaline in Nuristan. According to the World Bank, the annual value of these stones is estimated at about three million dollars. The United Nations Development Programme's report also shows that Afghanistan's gemstones are worth $ 5 million a year, which could rise to $ 160 million a year. The most important valuable minerals in Afghanistan are ruby, emerald, azure and tourmaline, which are studied in this article.The United Nations Development Programme's report also shows that Afghanistan's gemstones are worth $ 5 million a year, which could rise to $ 160 million a year. The most important valuable minerals in Afghanistan are ruby, emerald, azure and tourmaline, which are studied in this article.The United Nations Development Programme's report also shows that Afghanistan's gemstones are worth $ 5 million a year, which could rise to $ 160 million a year. The most important valuable minerals in Afghanistan are ruby, emerald, azure and tourmaline, which are studied in this article.

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