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What are minerals - Extracting and buying and selling them



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Minerals or ores are rocks that are extracted from mines and contain valuable and important elements. Precious elements and metals that are present in minerals are extracted and used by various methods. In the eighth grade science textbook, we read about minerals.

 

What are you reading in this article?


Ores
names of some important minerals from 
ores or ore
classification of deposits of 
minerals
classified minerals on the application
category of minerals based on the chemical properties of
silicate minerals
of ore mining
business and sales of minerals
 

1- Minerals:


 
Stones that contain valuable elements and metals and are extracted for use are called ores or minerals. Ores are mined depending on the form of their origin and the degree or concentration and amount of elements in them, and only rocks that the amount and value of elements in them are reasonable and cost-effective compared to the extraction cost are extracted by different methods. Used in various industries. Silicates, sulfides, and oxides are examples of metallic ores. Copper, a natural metal, is usually not concentrated in the crust. Precious metals such as gold are also extracted from ores.

 

2- The names of some important minerals:

 
There are many minerals, some of which are listed below.
 
Barite BaSo4, tungsten (Fe, Mg) WO4, sphalerite ZnS, uranite UO2, shalate CaWO4, pyrolosite MnO2, pentlandite (Fe, Ni) 9S8, molybdenite MoS2, malachite Cu2Co3) OH2, Fe2O magneto3 FeO3O Au, gallon PBS, tantanic or coultan columbite: (Fe, Mn) (Nb, Ta) 2O6, dolomite CaMg (CO3) 2, shangarf HgS, chromite (Fe, Mg) Cr2O4, calcite Cu2S, cassitrite SnO2, burnite Cu5.

3- Ore or mine:

 
The place where minerals and minerals are located and accumulated naturally is called a deposit or mine. The deposits are named in various ways and based on different criteria such as the name of the discoverer, the place of discovery and the names of prominent historical figures or myths or the name of the mining company.
 

4- Classification of deposits:

 
The origin of rocks and the study of economic geology are among the criteria for classification of deposits. This classification includes hydrothermal epigenetic deposits, hydrothermal associated granites, nickel-cobalt-platinum deposits, associated volcanic deposits, metamorphic reconstructed deposits, igneous carbonate carbonate Related are sedimentary deposits, sedimentary hydrothermal deposits and related stroblum ores.
 

5- Minerals:
 

Natural chemical compounds are solids that have a homogeneous and crystalline structure and are found in the earth and have variable physical properties. The science that studies and identifies natural and mainly solid mineral compounds such as quartz, feldspar, mica, gold and silver that ores are mined is called mineralogy. Mastery of mineralogy is very important for smelting metals and supplying raw materials to factories. On the other hand, these are the minerals that are the basis of the life of plants and animals and organisms in general, and by which the progress of science, technology and industry has been possible for human beings. The number of minerals on Earth is very large and they are classified based on their application and chemical properties.


5-1- Mineral classification based on application:

 
Minerals can be divided into three categories based on their application: metallic, non-metallic minerals such as (mica, potash, salts, etc.) and combustible or organic (such as coal, etc.). Metallic minerals are divided into three categories: precious (gold, silver, platinum, etc.), ferrous (iron, cobalt, nickel, etc.) and non-ferrous (lead, zinc, aluminum, etc.).
 

5-2- Classification of minerals based on chemical properties:
 

Minerals are divided into two general categories based on chemical properties: silicate and non-silicate minerals. This classification is based on the presence or absence of silicon in the chemical composition of minerals, and if the mineral has silica, it is called silicate, and if it does not, it is called non-silicate. These silicate and non-silicate minerals themselves fall into smaller categories.
 

Silicate minerals:
 

These minerals are composed of elements with SiO2 and include quartz, feldspar, mica, talc, grona, tourmaline and olivine. (Magma is a combination of silica that cools outside or inside the earth by combining deep volatiles, metal oxides, and water vapor to form inner and outer igneous rocks, so these rocks are considered silicate). 90% of the earth's crust is made of silicates and contains 62.5% oxygen, 21.2% silicon, 6.5% aluminum and 2 to 3% of the elements iron, magnesium, sodium, potassium and calcium.
 

Non-silicate minerals:


 
These minerals do not contain SiO2 in their composition and include carbonates such as (calcite, malachite and dolomite), sulfates such as (barite and gypsum), phosphates such as (turquoise and apatite), sulfides such as (sphalerite, pyrite, galena and Chalcopyrite), halogens such as (halite and fluorite), oxides such as (magnetite, hematite and chromite) and pure elements that contain metals and non-metals.
 

6- How to extract minerals:
 

How to extract minerals includes the following 7 steps.
 
٭ First find minerals and measure their value and amount, to see if the stone is worth extracting?
 
٭ The amount and rank of ore is measured by performing mathematical estimates and calculations.

 By conducting various engineering studies and calculations, they examine the extent to which mining costs are high or low, potential work hazards, key issues, and contexts to increase work efficiency.
 
٭ Evaluation of project and deposit in economic terms, technical and financial risks, project cohesion, metallurgy and recyclability of ore, profitability and consumer market, project cost and infrastructure and crushing, engineering, need and analysis of extraction project From the beginning of drilling to returning the ground to its pre-harvest state.
 
٭ Construction of equipment, facilities and factories for the optimal use of minerals
 
Intelligent exploitation of minerals
 
After finishing the work, the deposit and the land should be rebuilt and returned to the previous state so that the land can be used again.
 

7- Trade and sale of minerals:
 

The trade of metal ores is one of the most important trades in the world and has a large share. This is because different minerals are unequally distributed in the world and the demand for them is different in different countries. Most base metals, such as zinc, lead, copper, and nickel, are traded on the London Stock Exchange, and smaller stocks of these metals are traded on the Comax and Nimex in the United States and the Shanghai Stock Exchange in China. The price of iron ore is also set on a quarterly basis by consumers and large mining complexes, and it is traded directly between the customer and the consumer.
 

 tip:
 

Other ores do not have a fixed price at the international level, and their price is determined by agreement between the producer and the consumer, and determining the price of these ores makes it difficult and difficult. Metals such as lithium, bismuth, niobium, tantalum, antimony and rare earth elements are traded this way. The trade in these metals is mostly monopolized by a small number of manufacturers who have more than 60% of the world's reserves. The London Stock Exchange is looking to add uranium to its base metal base. According to the World Bank, China was the largest importer of minerals and metals in 2005, followed by the United States and Japan.

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